Grammar & Resources

The group is centered on modeling linguistic knowledge, integrating interfaces between different areas of grammar and knowledge about how language is put to use. Joint work in formal phonology, lexicon, syntax and semantics allows building an integrated model of grammar, considering how it is represented in the human mind, as well as how it can be computationally modelled; work on L1 and L2 acquisition is at the core of this work. The integration of models of language representation and models of language use is achieved through the study of corpora.

The production of corpora and resources is justified by the goal of developing documentation and providing descriptions of contemporary European Portuguese, but also of understudied contact languages or varieties (Portuguese-based creoles, national varieties of Portuguese in Africa and Asia). The group also produces resources for the study of L1 and L2 acquisition in different settings. The group integrates CLARIN LP.

Research on L1 and L2 acquisition contributes to CLUL’s general purpose of effectively articulating fundamental and applied research, namely in the areas of Educational Linguistics and Clinical Linguistics.

General goals:

- To produce new resources for the study of Portuguese and Portuguese-based creoles;

- To pursue basic research on natural language modeling, integrating knowledge on interfaces between language modules;

- To continue the documentation and description of understudied creoles and new varieties of Portuguese that emerged in a context of language contact;

- To develop the study of language acquisition with an emphasis on language contact situations (see new international Heritage Language Consortium) and on the comparison between typical and atypical development;

- To explore the potential of comparative linguistics in the production of resources for translation and to promote connections with the industry in the area of translation.

 

Resources Type
A Lexicon of Child European Portuguese - CEPLEXicon Lexicon
A Portuguese Native Language Identification Dataset - NLI-PT Database
Acquisition of European Portuguese Databank - AcEP Database
Child-Adult Interaction Corpus - CAI Corpus
Child-Adult interaction European Portuguese Database
Consonantic Sequences Oral and Written Production Tasks - PORESC Tool
Controlled Portuguese - CLG Database
Corpora of PLE Corpus
Corpus Almeida - European Portuguese / French Corpus
Corpus Angolar Corpus
Corpus C-ORAL-ROM Corpus
Corpus CCF Corpus
Corpus CINTIL Corpus
Corpus Fadambo Corpus
Corpus Leiria (1991) Corpus
Corpus of Cape Verdean Portuguese Corpus
Corpus of Sri Lanka Portuguese Corpus
Corpus of the Diaries of the Portuguese Parliament annotated with PoS - PTPARL Corpus
Corpus PESTRA Corpus
Corpus Português Fundamental - Corpus PF Corpus
Corpus Principense Corpus
Corpus REDIP Corpus
Corpus Santome Corpus
Corpus SANTOS - European Portuguese Corpus
Crosslinguistic Child Phonology Project - Português Europeu - CLCP-PE Tool
Dados Orais de Cabo Verde - CV Words Database
Demo de Subespecificação e Desambiguação de Escopo Tool
Dictionary of Hindi-Portuguese-Hindi Database
Diu Indo-Portuguese Data Set Database
EP-Plurals Tool
Learner Corpus of Portuguese L2 - COPLE2 Corpus
LT Corpus (Literary Corpus) - LT Corpus Corpus
Modality Lexicon - MODAL-LEX-PT Lexicon
Multifunctional Computational Lexicon of Contemporary Portuguese Lexicon
Named Entity Recognizer - CRPC-NER Tool
Nominal Multiword Lexical Units in European Portuguese Lexicon
NPChunks: Corpus of 1000 sentences annotated with PoS and nominal chunks - NPChunks Corpus
Online Corpus of Writing and Speech of Children in the Early Years of Schooling - EFFE-On Corpus
Online Dictionary Portuguese-Slovak/Slovak-Portuguese Database
Pereira&Freitas - EP Corpus
Person-Machine Interaction in Natural Language - INQUER Database
PhonoDis Corpus
Phonological Awareness Tasks for First Grade School Children - TCFC Tool
Portuguese Biographies - Bio-PT Database
Portuguese Corpus Annotated for Modality - MODAL Corpus
Portuguese Lexicon of Discourse Markers - LDM-PT Lexicon
Portuguese Technical Lexica - LEXTEC Lexicon
Portuguese Discourse Bank - CRPC-DB Corpus
Quotations database - CRPC-quotations Database
Ramalho – EP Corpus
Reference Corpus of Contemporary Portuguese - CRPC Corpus
Santome Structure Dataset Database
Spoken Corpus Mozambique 1986-87 - SCM Corpus
Spoken Portuguese - Geographical and Social Varieties Corpus
Vocatives in European Portuguese Corpus
Word Combination in European Portuguese - LEX-MWE-PT Lexicon
WordNet.PT Lexicon
Capítulo de Livro
Pinto, J., & Alexandre, N. (2023). Ensinar Português a Falantes de Espanhol Língua Materna/ Língua Segunda: para uma consciencialização lexical dos aprendentes. In C. Castro & Madeira, A. (Eds.), Desenvolvimento de Materiais Didáticos para Português Língua Não Materna (pp. 148-165). Lidel.
Gonçalves, A., & Vieira, S. (2022). Avaliação do conhecimento sintático. In Linguística clínica: Modelos, avaliação e intervenção (Maria João Freitas, Marisa Lousada, Dina Caetano Alves, pp. 293-320). Berlin: Language Science Press. http://doi.org/10. 5281/zenodo.7233235
Li, X., Santos, A. L., & Lobo, M. (2023). L3 Acquisition of Portuguese Clefts by L1-Mandarin L2-English speakers. In L3 after the Initial State (M. M. Brown-Bousfield, S. Flynn & E. Fernández-Berkes ). John benjamins. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.65.08li
Gonçalves, R., Duarte, I., & Hagemeijer, T. (2023). Objetos diretos em variedades africanas do Português: um estudo de caso de microvariação. In S. F. Brandão & Vieira, S. (Eds.), Para o Estudo Comparativo de Variedades do Português (pp. 53-83). Berlin: De Gruyter. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110670257-005
Hagemeijer, T. (2024). São Tomé and Príncipe. In Ursuala Reutner (ed.), Manual of Romance Languages in Africa (pp. 609-623). Berlin: De Gruyter. http://doi.org/10.1515/9783110628869-027
Pinto, J. (2023). Are Teachers Developing Strategies to Enhance the Use of DLC in the Learning of Portuguese as a Foreign Language in English-Dominant Classrooms?. In L. Aronin & Melo-Pfeifer, S. (Eds.), Language Awareness and Identity (pp. 155-172). Springer International Publishing. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37027-4_8
Cruz, M., Sendra, V. C., Castelo, J., & Frota, S. (2022). Asking questions across Portuguese varieties. In M. Cruz & S. Frota (Eds.), Prosodic variation (with)in languages: Intonation, phrasing and segments (series Studies in Phonetics and Phonology, edited by Martin J. Ball and Pascal van Lieshout) (pp. 36-70). Equinox Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360321546_Asking_questions_across_Portuguese_varieties
Cruz, M., & Frota, S. (2022). Introduction. In M. Cruz & S. Frota (Eds.), Prosodic variation (with)in languages: Intonation, phrasing and segments (series Studies in Phonetics and Phonology, edited by Martin J. Ball and Pascal van Lieshout) (pp. 1-6). Equinox Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360321546_Asking_questions_across_Portuguese_varieties
Costa, A., & Batalha, J. (2019). Para um mapa das fronteiras e das pontes na investigação em didática da gramática. In A linguística na formação do professor : das teorias às práticas (pp. 61-80). Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto e Centro de Linguística da Universidade do Porto. http://doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8969-20-0/linga5
Duarte, I. (2024). Ibero-Romance I: Portuguese and Galician. In M. Loporcaro (Ed.), Romance Linguistics (Vol. (part of Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics ed. by M. Aronoff).). Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.717
Castelo, A. (2023). A construção participada de materiais didáticos: de experiências com aprendentes chineses a um quadro orientador. In Desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos para Português como Língua Não Materna: experiências e desafios (pp. 122-136). Lisboa: LIDEL.
Castelo, A., & Braz, A. (2023). Português de Viva Voz / Portuguese Live: strengths and challenges of teaching a non-native language online. In Inovação e Tecnologia no Ensino de Línguas: pedagogias, práticas e recursos digitais (pp. 233-261). Lisboa: Universidade Aberta, Coleção Ciência e Cultura, Nº 23.
Mendes, A. (2024). The Reference Corpus of Contemporary Portuguese: Corpus Design and Case Study on Discourse Markers. In M. C. Campos & Vaamonde, G. (Eds.), Linguistic Corpora and Big Data in Spanish and Portuguese (pp. 145-178). Berlin / Boston: Peter Lang. http://doi.org/10.1515/9783110781465
Cardoso, H. C. (2020). Contact and Portuguese-lexified creoles. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Handbook of Language Contact (2nd ed., pp. 469-488). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cardoso, H. C. (2022). Descrições portuguesas das línguas de Timor-Leste na transição dos séculos XIX e XX. In R. Roque (Ed.), Timor Etnográfico: Etnografias Coloniais Portuguesas no Século XX (pp. 141-183). Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Cardoso, H. C. (2022). Indo-Portuguese contact seen from Goa. In R. S. Newman & da Silva, D. C. (Eds.), Traces on the Sea: Portuguese Interaction with Asia (pp. 63-92). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.
Pinto, J., & Alexandre, N. (2025). What can a corpus do for foreign language teaching? An activity proposal for Chinese learners of Portuguese. In Grammatical Categories in Linguistics and Education (pp. 145-166). De Gruyter. http://doi.org/10.1515/9783111140803-007
Hagemeijer, T. (2025). Tomtomming stop epenthesis in Santome. In Areas, families, and pools aplenty: a Festschrift for Tom Güldemann (pp. 329-339). Humboldt-Universität. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18452/32608
Lejeune, P., & Mendes, A. (2025). Portuguese defence proceedings and court applications: aiming for clarity and inclusiveness. In The Language of Lawyers (Jacqueline Visconti, pp. 383-398). De Gruyter. http://doi.org/10.1515/9783111340982-026
Lejeune, P., & Mendes, A. (2024). A Study on the French Functional Equivalents of some Modal and Metadiscursive Uses of the European Portuguese Marker lá. In Discourse Markers in Romance Languages: Cross-linguistic approaches in Romance and beyond (Cristina Popescu, pp. 39-54). Peter Lang.
Mendes, A., & Lejeune, P. (2024). Discourse markers in Portuguese. In Manual of Discourse Markers in Romance (Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen & Jacqueline Visconti, pp. 563-594). De Gruyter. http://doi.org/10.1515/9783110711202-019
Santos, A. L., Lobo, M., & Grolla, E. (2026). L1 Acquisition . In The Oxford Handbook of the Portuguese Language (A. M Carvalho & L. Oushiro, pp. 525-541). Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191954481.003.0030
Book Edition
(2009). Gradual creolization; Studies celebrating Jacques Arends . (R. Selbach, Cardoso, H. C., & van den Berg, M., Eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.34
Matos, G., Miguel, M., Duarte, I., & Faria, I. H. (1995). Interfaces in Linguistic Theory. . Selected papers from the International Conference on Interfaces in Linguisti. Associação Portuguesa de Linguistica / Ed. Colibri.
(2021). Multilingualism and third language acquisition: learning and teaching trends. (J. Pinto & Alexandre, N., Eds.). Language Science Press. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4449726 (Original work published 02/2021AD)
Book Review
Hagemeijer, T. (2007). Review of Huber, Magnus & Viveka Velupellai (orgs.). 2007. Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages (Creole Language Library, Vol. 32). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins] .
Hagemeijer, T. (2020). Negation and negative concord: The view from creoles. (V. Déprez & Henri, F., Eds.), Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Hagemeijer, T. (2010). Review of Maurer, Philippe. Principense. Grammar, Texts, And Vocabulary Of The Afro-Portuguese Creole Of The Island Of Príncipe, Gulf Of Guinea. London: Battlebridge Publications. Journal Of Language Contact: Varia.
Artigo em Atas
Cruz, M., & Frota, S. (2014). Rhythm in central-southern varieties of European Portuguese: production and perception . In In Textos Selecionados do XXIX Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística (E., Bascelar-do-Nascimento and M. F. and Mota, M. A. and Segura, L. and Mendes, A. (eds), Vol. III, pp. 213-230). Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Cruz, M., & Frota, S. (2013). Textos Seleccionados. In In Textos Seleccionados do XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística. . Lisboa: APL.